Table 1 Characteristics of included studies

Adler D. (2004), USA [42]

Randomized with 18-months follow-up

Medication review, pharmaceutical meeting and recommendations to physicians

Patients met DSM-IV criteria for major depressive disorder and/or dysthymia

To examine the clinical pharmacist’s role in the treatment of depression in primary care

Carter B. (2009), USA [25]

Cluster-randomized with 6-months follow-up

Medication review, pharmaceutical meeting and recommendations to physicians

Measures taking and demand of biological tests

Patients over 21 years of age having a diagnosis of essential hypertension taking 0 to 3 antihypertensive medications without diabetes mellitus

To evaluate if a physician and pharmacist collaborative model in community-based medical offices could improve BP control

Carter B. (2015), USA [26]

Cluster-randomized with 24-months follow-up

Medication review, pharmaceutical meeting and recommendations to physicians

Patients with no BP control

To evaluate the pharmacist-physicians collaboration could improve BP control

Carter B. (2018), USA [27]

Cluster-randomized with 12-months follow-up

Medication review, pharmaceutical meeting and recommendations to physicians

Patients over 50 years with a history of at least one of the following: diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia

To assess whether the pharmacist intervention would be successfully implemented into private family physician offices

Chen Z. (2013), USA [28]

Cluster-randomized with 6-months follow-up

Medication review, pharmaceutical meeting and recommendations to physicians

Patients aged 21 to 85 years and were receiving treatment with 0 to 3 antihypertensive agents with no changes to their regimen within the past 4 weeks

To detail the changes in specific antihypertensives associated with the differences in 24-hour BP following a physician-pharmacist co-management

Finley P. (2002), USA [39]

Randomized with 6-months follow-up

Medication review, pharmaceutical meeting and recommendations to physicians

Patients suffering from depression and subsequently received prescriptions for antidepressant medication

To evaluate the impact of a collaborative pharmacy practice model on the treatment of depression in primary care

Finley P. (2003), USA [40]

Randomized with 6-months follow-up

Medication review, pharmaceutical meeting and recommendations to physicians

Patients who need antidepressant medication

To test the effects of this collaborative care model on drug adherence rates, patient outcomes, provider and patient satisfaction, and medical resource utilization

Heisler M. (2012), USA [29]

Cluster-randomized with 14-months follow-up

Medication review, pharmaceutical meeting and recommendations to physicians

Measure of BP and demand of biological tests

Patients with diabetes mellitus had persistent poor BP control and poor refill adherence or insufficient medication intensification

To evaluate if the pharmacist intervention improve BP control

Hogg W. (2009), Canada [30]

Randomized with 18-months follow-up

Medication review, pharmaceutical meeting and recommendations to physicians

Patients over 50 years, rostered in the practice, and considered by their family physicians to be good candidates to benefit from additional medical resources and at risk of functional decline, physical deterioration, or experiencing an event requiring emergency services

To evaluate the benefits of home-based multidisciplinary team management involving a nurse practitioner, a pharmacist, and a general practitioner working collaboratively on providing care to community-dwelling patients who were at risk of poor health outcomes

Jameson J. (2010), USA [31]

Randomized with 12-months follow-up

Medication review, pharmaceutical meeting and recommendations to physicians

Patients having HbA1c levels of 9.0% or higher or non-office visits within 12 months

To investigate the effect of pharmacist management of poorly controlled diabetes mellitus in a community-based primary care group

Lenaghan E. (2007), UK [41]

Randomized with 6-months follow-up

Medication review, pharmaceutical meeting and recommendations to physicians

Patients over 80 years, living in their own homes, who were prescribed at least four oral daily medicines

To study whether a home-based intervention in an at-risk elderly population could reduce hospital admissions

Omran D. (2015), Canada [32]

Randomized with 6-months follow-up

Medication review, pharmaceutical meeting and recommendations to physicians

Patients with type 2 diabetes

To determine whether observed improvements in BP resulted from pharmacists’ recommendations to improve antihypertensive medication management or patients’ adherence to antihypertensive medications

Pape G. (2011), USA [33]

Cluster-randomized with 24-months follow-up

Medication review, pharmaceutical meeting and recommendations to physicians

Patients with type 2 diabetes

To evaluate the impact of remote physician-pharmacist team-based care on cholesterol levels in patients with diabetes mellitus

Sellors J. (2003), Canada [43]

Randomized with 5-months follow-up

Medication review, pharmaceutical meeting and recommendations to physicians

Patients aged 65 years or more, taking 5 medications

To evaluate pharmacist intervention could reduce daily units of medication taken and improving patient outcomes

Simpson S. (2011), Canada [34]

Randomized with 12-months follow-up

Medication review, pharmaceutical meeting and recommendations to physicians

Measures taking and demand of biological tests

Patients with type 2 diabetes

To study the effect of adding pharmacists to extant multidisciplinary primary care teams on cardiovascular risk-factor management in type 2 diabetes

Smith S. (2016), USA [35]

Cluster-randomized with 9-months follow-up

Medication review, pharmaceutical meeting and recommendations to physicians

Patients without BP control and taking 3 or more antihypertensive medications

To compare a physician-pharmacist collaborative care model to usual hypertension care

Tahaineh L. (2011), Jordan [36]

Randomized with 6-months follow-up

Medication review, pharmaceutical meeting and recommendations to physicians

Patients with dyslipidemia

To evaluate the impact of implementing a clinical pharmacy service on achieving lipid profile goals in primary care setting

Tobari H. (2010), Japan [37]

Randomized with 6-months follow-up

Medication review, pharmaceutical meeting and recommendations to physicians

Patients 40–79 years of age with hypertension

To evaluate physician-pharmacist cooperation can reduce antihypertensive medication use and cardiovascular risk factors in patient with mild to moderate hypertension by improving BP control

Weber C. (2010), USA [38]

Cluster-randomized with 9-months follow-up

Medication review, pharmaceutical meeting and recommendations to physicians

Patients aged 21 to 85 years and were receiving treatment with 0 to 3 antihypertensive agents with no changes to their regimen within the past 4 weeks

To report the results of 24-hour ambulatory BP monitoring obtained during a pharmacist-physician collaborative model of hypertension management